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<br>Research Techniques<br>The brain is studied primarily through three basic methods: ablation, stimulation, and recording. All three methods are used in conjunction with one another by brain researchers in order to obtain a picture of how various systems in the brain function dynamically in the mediation of specific behaviors.<br>Ablation, an experimental technique used for animals, involves selectively removing portions of the brain and trying to determine what the sum total of remaining parts can or cannot do. In this way it is possible, for example, to map out regions of the cortex responsible for auditory or visual functions or to determine which portions of the thalamus are involved in sensory or motor functions. The stimulation technique essentially involves placing small electrodes in specific portions of the brain and electrically activating them to observe the effect on some behavior or performed task. An alte
ative method of stimulation is through the implantation of small tubes that can carry chemicals to specific regions of the brain. Stimulation in certain portions of the hypothalamus with cholingeric drugs will elicit drinking, whereas stimulation of the identical regions with an adrenergic substance (norepinephrine) will elicit eating. As is the case in ablation, stimulation also produces an alteration in the normal functioning of the brain. A third method, recording, is passive and produces the least change in ongoing cerebral activity.<br>Recording involves placing recording electrodes in specific brain structures and observing the electrical activity of these regions as a function of different activities. It has been found, for example, that the electrical activity of the brain is markedly different during the various stages of sleep and certain aspects of lea
ing and that it is related to attentional state.<br>Recent techniques for recording...

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